1.2-Respiration, Reproduction
1.2.1-Respiration, Reproduction
1.2.1 Reflecting Evolutionary Relationships:
Description:
- The energy-releasing process which converts glucose into Co2 and water to produce ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is called cellular respiration. Living organisms require energy to work and respire to fulfill these energy requirements.
- This energy is formed in a series of small events through chemical reactions. Mitochondria are considered the powerhouse of the cells, as most of the energy-producing processes take place in this organelle.
Types of cellular respiration are given as
- Aerobic respiration: oxygen is required to splits the glucose molecule to generate energy.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O2+ATP(energy)
- Anaerobic respiration: it does not require oxygen to occur it. So it takes place in the absence of oxygen. lactic acid is formed instead of water and Co2 During anaerobic respiration by splits down sugar molecule as glucose(Glucose= lactic acid + ATP(energy))
1.2.2 Reproduction:
the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Description:
The process of living organisms forming the same kinds of new offspring by sexual or asexual methods is called reproduction.
- Asexual reproduction contains one parent, and offspring are genotypically and phenotypically the same as the parent.
- Sexual reproduction occurs in eukaryotes, where sex organs are used to produce new progeny, and these are not 100% genotypically and phenotypically identical to their parents.
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
0610/0970/22 Feb-Mar 2017
Q#: The diagram shows how a seed changes after it is planted in soil and watered.
Which characteristics of living things are demonstrated by this sequence?
- excretion and growth
- growth and sensitivity
- nutrition and reproduction
- nutrition and sensitivity
1.2.3 Excretion:
the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements)
Description:
- The removal of metabolic waste products and material from the body over requirement is called excretion.
- Chemical reactions occur during metabolism; respiration is the primary example of metabolism. In animals, urine and other waste material remove during excretion, and in plants, excretion occurs during leaf falling as waste material stored within leaves in plants.
Excretion in human
Excretion in plants
taking in of material for energy, growth and development
Nutrition
- Nutrition is the process in which the body obtains necessary substances and energy for development, growth, and repair.
- Nutrients control body processes, energy, and material formation. Nutrient classes are categorized as macronutrients or micronutrients, depending on how much the body needs
Macronutrients
- Nutrients the body needs in relatively large amounts are called macronutrients. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water.
Micronutrients
- Nutrients the body needs in relatively small amounts are called micronutrients. They include vitamins and minerals.
- Plants get nutrition through photosynthesis, in which plants prepare energy (food) during sunlight.
